What type of responses to crime includes feelings of disbelief, denial, and confusion?

Short-term responses to crime are characterized by immediate emotional reactions that individuals may experience in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Feelings of disbelief, denial, and confusion are common, as victims and witnesses try to process what has happened and make sense of the situation. These emotional states can occur almost instantly following a crime, reflecting the shock and trauma associated with such experiences.

In contrast, long-term responses involve more sustained emotional and psychological effects, often requiring time to develop as individuals adjust to the aftermath of the crime. Coping responses refer to the strategies and mechanisms individuals employ to deal with their emotional distress, which may resemble long-term responses rather than immediate reactions. Physical responses typically involve tangible manifestations of stress or trauma, such as increased heart rate or other physiological changes, rather than the psychological states of disbelief or confusion. Thus, the immediate and instinctive nature of short-term responses makes them the most fitting category for the described emotional reactions.